(Solved): 1- A carboxylate salt is formed when a carboxylic acid compound reacted with strong base such as \( ...

1- A carboxylate salt is formed when a carboxylic acid compound reacted with strong base such as \( \mathrm{NaOH} \). 2- Esterification is a chemical process used to convert ester to carboxylic acids. 3- Saponification is a chemical process of hydrolyzing carboxylic acids to their carboxylate salt version. 4- The carbonyl carbon in both carboxylic acids and esters has an \( \mathrm{sp}^{3} \) hybridized orbital. 5- Propanoic acid has a lower boiling point than 1,3-propanedioic acid. 6- In the nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism of carboxylic acids, initially, the carbonyl carbon has an \( \mathrm{sp}^{2} \) hybridized orbital which will be converted to an \( \mathrm{sp}^{3} \) hybridized orbital in the formation of the tetrahedral intermediate, followed by regenerating the \( \mathrm{sp}^{2} \) hybridized orbital. 7- Ammonolysis is a chemical process used to convert esters into amines. 8- Acid anhydrides are more reactive than aldehydes but it is less reactive than acyl halids.