(Solved): 6. Understand distribution diagrams of chemical species of elements (e.g., C, Al) as a function of ...

6. Understand distribution diagrams of chemical species of elements (e.g., C, Al) as a function of solution \( \mathrm{pH} \). For example, \( \mathrm{Al} \) species: How many Al species are there in a waster solution with \( \mathrm{pH} 7 \) ? List the order of concentration (from low to high) of the species at the given \( \mathrm{pH} \) Write the titration reaction for using an \( \mathrm{HCl} \) or base solution to titrate the solution and explain why. 7. Describe acid deposition, its cause and fate in the atmosphere and in the surface and subsurface environment. 8. How is brown smog formed? What are the major chemical compounds in it and how they are formed (including the chemical reactions involved)? Identify primary and secondary pollutants in the brown smog formation processes. 9. Briefly describe the source and distribution humic materials in the environment (including air, water and soil). Sketch the structure of a typical humic acid molecule. Illustrate the functional groups that may become involved in each of the following: i) the complexation of metal ions; ii) neutralization (including acid and base) reaction; iii) hydrogen-bonding with a persistent organic pollutant