If the government set a price ceiling of $40, there would be: Responses a shortage (or excess demand) of about 8 units. a shortage (or excess demand) of about 8 units. a surplus (or excess demand) of about 12 units. a surplus (or excess demand) of about 12 units. a surplus (or excess demand) of about 4 units. a surplus (or excess demand) of about 4 units. a surplus (or excess supply) of about 12 units. a surplus (or excess supply) of about 12 units.